Lesson 18
Lesson 18
Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives.
Он сески кичээл
Phrases Reading "Hot Summer" ▾
Изиг чай келген. Хем унунда шыктарның терең оъду салгынга чалгып чыдар апарган. Чайлагда ак-ак өглер дистиништир хонгулапкан. Улуг-биче кижилер чайның изиинде мага хандыр иштенип, ойнап-хөглеп, каш ай болгаш катап чедип келир ажыг соок кышты шуут уттупкан чоруп турар боор болгай. Ногаан арганың бедик дыттарының баарын куду баткан соок кара сугну дургаар айыраң каас чечектер чаттыла берген.
Hot summer has arrived. In the riverbed, the thick meadow grass has begun to sway in the breeze. At the summer camp, white-white yurts are spread out in a row, one after another. Old and young alike, working to their heart's content in the summer heat, playing and making merry, seem to have completely forgotten the bitter, freezing winter that will come again in a few months. Along the cold spring running down at the foot of the tall larches of the green forest, variegated, beautiful flowers have spread.
Vocabulary Vocabulary ▾
хем уну
русло реки
riverbed
шык
луг
meadow
оът
трава
grass
салгын
ветерок
breeze
чалгыыр
качаться (о волнах)
to sway, to ripple
чайлаг
летнее пастбище, летняя стоянка
summer pasture, summer camp
дистиништир
в ряд, друг за другом
in a row, one after another
мага хандыр
вдоволь, с удовольствием
to one's heart's content
шуут уттуптар
напрочь (совсем) забыть
to forget completely
арга
лес
forest
дыт
лиственница
larch
кара суг
родник, ключ
spring, source
дургаар
вдоль
along
айыраң
пёстрый
colorful
каас
красивый
beautiful
чаттыла бээр
раскинуться
to spread out
Grammar Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives Демдек адының деңнелге чадазы▾
Abstract comparison
The degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives in the Tuvan language are formed in two forms – abstract and concrete. Abstract comparison has 3 main degrees: 1) weakened; 2) positive; 3) superlative.
1) The weakened degree of abstract comparison is formed using the postfixes -сымаар, -симээр, -сумээр, -сымээр, -зымаар, -зимээр, -зумаар, -зүмээр, added to the form of the qualitative adjective. For example, ак – white + сымаар = аксымаар – whitish; шык + сымаар – = шыксымаар – a bit moist; көк + сүмээр = көксүмээр = bluish; ирик + симээр = ириксимээр – a bit rotten; арган + зымаар = арганзымаар – a bit thin; эрги + зимээр = эргизимээр – oldish; бөдүүн + зүмээр = бөдүүнзүмээр – simplish.
2) The positive degree of abstract comparison of qualitative adjectives is the very basis of these adjectives without any changes. For example, ак – white; шык – wet; көк – blue; ирик – rotten; арган – thin; эрги – old; бөдүүн – simple, etc. In other words, the positive degree of abstract comparison of qualitative adjectives should be understood as neutral in relation to the weakened and superlative degrees of comparison.
3) The superlative degree of abstract comparison of qualitative adjectives has two forms: a) simple, formed according to the scheme "adjective + postfixes -кыр, -кыр, -кур, -күр, -гыр, -гир, -гур, -гүр". For example, ак + кыр = аккыр – the whitest; өң + гүр = өңгүр – colorful;
b) complex, formed according to the scheme "adjective + function words дыка, кончуг, аажок, хөлчок, улам, эң, тергиин, кедергей". For example, дыка улуг - very big; кончуг чараш - very beautiful; аажок делгем - very wide; аажок чылыг - very warm, хөлчок чырык - very bright; улам дыңзыг - the strongest, эң бедик - the tallest; тергиин шыырак - the best, the coolest; кедергей дүрген - very fast.
The complex form of the superlative degree can also be formed by partial reduplication (repetition) of the same adjective. For example, ак means white, ап-ак means completely white; кара means black, кап-кара means completely black, etc. When reduplicating, -п is added to the vowel of the first syllable of the repeated adjective, for example,ка-ра – ка + п-кара – кап-кара; if the first syllable ends in a consonant, this consonant is replaced with -п, for example: бор- бак – бо + п - борбак – боп-борбак.
1) The weakened degree of abstract comparison is formed using the postfixes -сымаар, -симээр, -сумээр, -сымээр, -зымаар, -зимээр, -зумаар, -зүмээр, added to the form of the qualitative adjective. For example, ак – white + сымаар = аксымаар – whitish; шык + сымаар – = шыксымаар – a bit moist; көк + сүмээр = көксүмээр = bluish; ирик + симээр = ириксимээр – a bit rotten; арган + зымаар = арганзымаар – a bit thin; эрги + зимээр = эргизимээр – oldish; бөдүүн + зүмээр = бөдүүнзүмээр – simplish.
2) The positive degree of abstract comparison of qualitative adjectives is the very basis of these adjectives without any changes. For example, ак – white; шык – wet; көк – blue; ирик – rotten; арган – thin; эрги – old; бөдүүн – simple, etc. In other words, the positive degree of abstract comparison of qualitative adjectives should be understood as neutral in relation to the weakened and superlative degrees of comparison.
3) The superlative degree of abstract comparison of qualitative adjectives has two forms: a) simple, formed according to the scheme "adjective + postfixes -кыр, -кыр, -кур, -күр, -гыр, -гир, -гур, -гүр". For example, ак + кыр = аккыр – the whitest; өң + гүр = өңгүр – colorful;
b) complex, formed according to the scheme "adjective + function words дыка, кончуг, аажок, хөлчок, улам, эң, тергиин, кедергей". For example, дыка улуг - very big; кончуг чараш - very beautiful; аажок делгем - very wide; аажок чылыг - very warm, хөлчок чырык - very bright; улам дыңзыг - the strongest, эң бедик - the tallest; тергиин шыырак - the best, the coolest; кедергей дүрген - very fast.
The complex form of the superlative degree can also be formed by partial reduplication (repetition) of the same adjective. For example, ак means white, ап-ак means completely white; кара means black, кап-кара means completely black, etc. When reduplicating, -п is added to the vowel of the first syllable of the repeated adjective, for example,ка-ра – ка + п-кара – кап-кара; if the first syllable ends in a consonant, this consonant is replaced with -п, for example: бор- бак – бо + п - борбак – боп-борбак.
Concrete comparison
A specific comparison is expressed by combining the noun being compared in the original case (see the declension of nouns in Lesson 7) and a qualitative adjective. For example, аъттан дүрген – faster than a horse; менден бедик – taller than me; алдындан аар – heavier than gold. When making a concrete comparison, Tuvan adjectives do not change and remain in their basic form, for example, каңдан быжыг – harder than steel; кижиден улуг – bigger than a man.
Exercises Exercises ▾
Exercise 1
Form degrees of comparison of adjectives and select corresponding defining words for them.
Sample:Сарыг – сарыгзымаар; сарыг (has no simple superlative form); аажок сарыг, сап-сарыг; сарыгзымаар чечек, сарыг бүрү, аажок сарыг будук.
Сарыг, угаанныг, калбак, эрги, чаа, үрелик, чараш.
Sample:Сарыг – сарыгзымаар; сарыг (has no simple superlative form); аажок сарыг, сап-сарыг; сарыгзымаар чечек, сарыг бүрү, аажок сарыг будук.
Сарыг, угаанныг, калбак, эрги, чаа, үрелик, чараш.
Exercise 2
Form the concrete comparison from the given noun–adjective pairs.
(Демир) быжыг; (суг) терең; (дош) соок; (хүн) чырык; (салаа) чоон; (хову) делгем.
(Демир) быжыг; (суг) терең; (дош) соок; (хүн) чырык; (салаа) чоон; (хову) делгем.