Lesson 20
Lesson 20
Conjunctions. Course Conclusion.
Чээрбиги кичээл
Grammar Conjunctions Эвилелдер▾
Conjunctions
Unchangeable words that express the connection between homogeneous parts of a sentence, as well as between individual clauses within a complex sentence, are called conjunctions. Conjunctions are independent words and are used as linking words. Sometimes conjunctions are omitted in speech, replaced only by the appropriate intonation. Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions express the connection between homogeneous parts of a sentence and between individual clauses within a complex sentence; these include the conjunctions болгаш - and, база - and, еще, опять, азы - or, харын - but.
For example, дыттар болгаш хадыңнар - larches and birches; сен база мен - you and me; хой база, инек база, аът база азырал амытаннар-дыр – both sheep, cows, and horses are domestic animals; бөгүн азы даарта чедип келир - today or tomorrow he will arrive (will come); эртежик келир хамаанчок, харын-даа озалдаар деп бардывыс - not only will we arrive early, but we will also be late.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups according to their function and content:
1) connecting conjunctions болгаш - and, база - and;
2) disjunctive conjunctions азы - or; ийикпе - or, чок болза - otherwise, or; бир болза – otherwise, or;
3) adversative conjunctions а - a, ынчалза-даа - but, ындыг болза-даа - but, nevertheless; ынчалзажок, ындыг болзажок - but, but still, nevertheless, харын - but.
Subordinating conjunctions express the connection between the main and subordinate clauses. These include conjunctions: чүге дизе - because, бир эвес - if, ынчангаш - therefore, чүл дээрге - because, чүге дээрге - because. For example: Бир эвес эрте келзиңзе, мени манаар сен - If you come early, you will wait for me. Караңгыда чүү-даа көзүлбестээн, ынчангаш чаныптывыс - Nothing was visible in the darkness, so we went home. Бо чылын кат эки үнген, чүге дизе чайын эки чаъстаан - This year the berries grew well because the rains were good in the spring.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups according to their function and content:
1) connecting conjunctions болгаш - and, база - and;
2) disjunctive conjunctions азы - or; ийикпе - or, чок болза - otherwise, or; бир болза – otherwise, or;
3) adversative conjunctions а - a, ынчалза-даа - but, ындыг болза-даа - but, nevertheless; ынчалзажок, ындыг болзажок - but, but still, nevertheless, харын - but.
Subordinating conjunctions express the connection between the main and subordinate clauses. These include conjunctions: чүге дизе - because, бир эвес - if, ынчангаш - therefore, чүл дээрге - because, чүге дээрге - because. For example: Бир эвес эрте келзиңзе, мени манаар сен - If you come early, you will wait for me. Караңгыда чүү-даа көзүлбестээн, ынчангаш чаныптывыс - Nothing was visible in the darkness, so we went home. Бо чылын кат эки үнген, чүге дизе чайын эки чаъстаан - This year the berries grew well because the rains were good in the spring.
Phrases Reading "Kyzyl" ▾
Кызыл – Тыва Республиканың найысылалы. Хоорай боду улуг эвес, ынчалза-даа ол бодунуң шаа-биле онзагай чүүлдерлиг. Улуг-Хемниң эриинде Кызыл партизаннарга тураскаалды тургускан. Азияның төвүн демдеглээн тураскаал база-ла ооң чоогунда турар. Хоорайывыс чылдан чылче өзүп, сайзырап орар.
Kyzyl is the capital of the Republic of Tuva. The city itself is not large, but in its own way it has its special features. On the bank of the Ulug-Khem (Yenisei) a monument to the Red partisans was erected. The monument marking the Center of Asia is also nearby. Our city grows and develops from year to year.
Exercises Exercises ▾
Exercise 1
Copy the text. Translate it. Underline the adverbs and words that go with them in the translation. Determine the means by which these adverbs are formed and from which parts of speech.
It was a beautiful, clear day. We happily left the house and went swimming in the river. There was already a hubbub of children there – who among the summer children would want to miss such a fine day!
In the evening, cheerful bonfires lit. Somewhere in the distance, an accordion began to play, and girls' laughter rang out. Darkness fell somehow imperceptibly. Day had come and gone.
Based on A. Gaidar.
In the evening, cheerful bonfires lit. Somewhere in the distance, an accordion began to play, and girls' laughter rang out. Darkness fell somehow imperceptibly. Day had come and gone.
Based on A. Gaidar.
Exercise 2
Write it off. Instead of dots, put appropriate adverbs. Translate the sentences orally, write down new words in your dictionary.
For information: аңаа, элээн, дүвү-далаш, хүнзедир, арай, кончуг.
1. Мени … олуртуп кааш, эжим ындында өрээлче базып кире берди (С. Сарыг-оол). 2. … болганда оон кара салдыг аныяк эр үнүп келгеш … чанымга чедип келди (С. Сарыг-оол). 3. … кылаштап келгеш, харда дииң изи безин көрбедим (К. Кудажы). 4. … кежээ апарганда аал чанынга чоокшулап кээп, дүн дүжерин манагзынып олур мен оң (Б. Хөвеңмей). 5. … дүрген сегирип-ле алдым – адыштарым изиш дээн соонда аргамчым ужу сывырлып үне берди. (К. Маспык-оол).
1. Мени … олуртуп кааш, эжим ындында өрээлче базып кире берди (С. Сарыг-оол). 2. … болганда оон кара салдыг аныяк эр үнүп келгеш … чанымга чедип келди (С. Сарыг-оол). 3. … кылаштап келгеш, харда дииң изи безин көрбедим (К. Кудажы). 4. … кежээ апарганда аал чанынга чоокшулап кээп, дүн дүжерин манагзынып олур мен оң (Б. Хөвеңмей). 5. … дүрген сегирип-ле алдым – адыштарым изиш дээн соонда аргамчым ужу сывырлып үне берди. (К. Маспык-оол).
Text Conclusion ▾
Here the introductory course ends, and you now have the opportunity to keep improving your knowledge of the Tuvan language.
Knowing about 300 words and expressions lets you understand spoken and written speech and express your thoughts at a basic level. Knowing 500–800 words lets you communicate almost freely at a conversational level and read newspaper material. Knowing 1000 or more words lets you communicate freely on almost any topic. An average Tuvan in everyday life uses a vocabulary of roughly 1500–2000 words.